• December 12th 2012, 09:35 AM
dom139
Use proof by contradiction to show that if a, b and c are odd integers then ax2 +bx+c = 0 has no solution in the set of rational numbers.
(You may use standard parity results of the form "odd x odd = odd", "even + odd = odd", etc.)
Don't understand how to prove this :(
• December 12th 2012, 09:44 AM
emakarov
Assume that there is a rational solution x. How can x be written? Substitute this form of x into the equation and convert it into an equation that uses addition and multiplication only. Consider several cases when the variables occurring in the equation are even or odd. Only one of those cases is possible. But then the representation of x chosen in the beginning was not optimal in some sense.
• December 12th 2012, 10:53 AM
richard1234
Suppose there is a rational root in the form $x = \frac{p}{q}$ where p, q are relatively prime and $q \neq 0$. Then

$a(\frac{p}{q})^2 + b(\frac{p}{q}) + c = 0$

$\frac{ap^2 + bpq + cq^2}{q^2} = 0 \Rightarrow ap^2 + bpq + cq^2 = 0$

Note that a,b,c are all odd. Can you find a parity contradiction here?
• December 21st 2012, 12:21 PM
OldDude
I am new to the forum and am an amateur, so I may have oversimplified.
Move c to the right side of the equation, factor the left side by x, thus x has to divide c, which is odd, therefore x must be odd. Since a and b are odd, x(xa + b) is even, and we have a contradiction.
• December 21st 2012, 02:30 PM
emakarov
Quote:

Originally Posted by OldDude
I am new to the forum and am an amateur, so I may have oversimplified.
Move c to the right side of the equation, factor the left side by x, thus x has to divide c

What does it mean for a rational number to divide an integer?
• December 23rd 2012, 05:23 AM
Deveno
a,b,c odd => a = b = c = 1 (mod 2).

thus, mod 2:

ap2 + bpq + cq2 = 0 becomes:

p2 + pq + q2 = 0 (mod 2)

and since mod 2, p2 = p (a specific instance of fermat's "little theorem" for p = 2, but it's easy to verify directly 02 = 0, and 12 = 1, and (mod 2), 0 and 1 are "all there is"),

p + pq + q = 0 (mod 2)

if p = 0, q = 1 we have:

0 + 0 + 1 = 0 (mod 2) can't happen.

if p = 1, q = 0, we have:

1 + 0 + 0 = 0 (mod 2) nope. never.

if p = q = 1, we have:

1 + 1 + 1 = 0
0 + 1 = 0 sorry, wrong number.

so the only legitimate possibility is p = q = 0 (mod 2):

0 + 0 + 0 = 0 (mod 2). we have a winner!

but wait! if p = q = 0 (mod 2), this means both p and q are EVEN.....so gcd(p,q) can't possibly be 1 (it has to be at LEAST 2).

(arithmetic "mod 2" IS the "arithmetic of parity").