1. ## coordinate geometry

the circle x^2+y^2=a^2 cuts off intercept on the straight line lx+my=1 which subtends an angle 45 at the origin.show that a^2(l^2+m^2)=4-2*1.414

2. Let $A(x_1,y_1), \ B(x_1,y_1)$ be the intersect points between the line and the circle. Then $\widehat{AOB}=45^{\circ}$.

The line AO has the slope $m_1=\frac{y_1}{x_1}$ and the line BO has the slope $m_2=\frac{y_2}{x_2}$

The tangent of the acute angle between the two lines is $\tan\widehat{AOB}=\left|\displaystyle\frac{m_1-m_2}{1+m_1m_2}\right|$

Replace $m_1$ and $m_2$:

$1=\tan 45^{\circ}=\left|\displaystyle\frac{x_2y_1-x_1y_2}{x_1x_2+y_1y_2}\right|$, (1)

The coordinates of A and B are the solutions of the system formed by the equation of the line and equation of the circle.

$y=\displaystyle\frac{1-lx}{m}$.

Replace y in the equation of the circle and we have:

$(m^2+l^2)x^2-2lx+1-a^2m^2=0$

$x_1, \ x_2$ are the roots of the quadratic and we have

$x_1+x_2=\displaystyle\frac{2l}{m^2+l^2}, \ x_1x_2=\displaystyle\frac{1-a^2m^2}{m^2+l^2}$

Replace $y_1,y_2$ in (1):

$1=\displaystyle\frac{|m|\cdot|x_2-x_1|}{|(m^2+l^2)x_1x_2-l(x_1+x_2)+1|}=\frac{|m|\sqrt{(x_1+x_2)^2-4x_1x_2}}{|(m^2+l^2)x_1x_2-l(x_1+x_2)+1|}$.

Now replace $x_1+x_2$ and $x_1x_2$.

$1=\displaystyle\frac{2\sqrt{a^2m^2+a^2l^2-1}}{2-a^2m^2-a^2l^2}\Rightarrow 2\sqrt{a^2m^2+a^2l^2-1}=1-(a^2m^2+a^2l^2-1)$

Let $\sqrt{a^2m^2+a^2l^2-1}=t$.

Then $2t=1-t^2\Rightarrow t^2+2t-1=0$

The positive root is $t=\sqrt{2}-1$.

$\sqrt{a^2m^2+a^2l^2-1}=\sqrt{2}-1$.

Square both members:

$a^2m^2+a^2l^2-1=3-2\sqrt{2}\Rightarrow a^2(m^2+l^2)=4-2\sqrt{2}$

3. The circle has radius $a$ and is centred at the origin. If a chord of the circle subtends an angle $45^\circ$ at the centre of the circle then the midpoint of the chord is at a distance $d = a\cos22.5^\circ$ from the origin. But $\cos^222.5^\circ = \frac{\sqrt2 +1}{2\sqrt2} = \frac1{4-2\sqrt2}$, as you can check from the formula $\frac1{\sqrt2} = \cos45^\circ = 2\cos^222.5^\circ - 1$. It follows that $d^2 = \frac{a^2}{4-2\sqrt2}$.

The line $lx+my = 1$ intersects the circle at two points $(x_1,y_1)$, $(x_2,y_2)$ whose x-coordinates are the roots of the quadratic equation $x^2 + (1 - lx)^2/m^2 = a^2$, or $(l^2+m^2)x^2 - 2lx +1-a^2m^2 = 0$. The sum of the roots of this equation is $x_1+x_2 = \frac {2l}{l^2+m^2}$. Thus the midpoint of the chord has x-coordinate $x_{\text{mid}} = \frac12(x_1+x_2) = \frac {l}{l^2+m^2}$. Similarly, the midpoint of the chord has y-coordinate $y_{\text{mid}} = \frac {m}{l^2+m^2}$. Thus the distance of the midpoint from the origin is given by $d^2 = \frac{l^2+m^2}{(l^2+m^2)^2} = \frac1{l^2+m^2}.$

Compare the two expressions for $d^2$ to see that $a^2(l^2+m^2) = 4-2\sqrt2$.