# Open Nests

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• Dec 19th 2011, 08:10 AM
Hartlw
Open Nests
Nest theorems never explain why nests have to be closed. Does this float?

Given nests (ai,bi), (ai,bi], [ai,bi] and limai=limbi=a. Assume x belongs to all intervals. Then:

lim(ai<x<bi)=(a<x<a) => no x in (ai,bi)

lim(ai<x $\leq$bi)=(a<x $\leq$a)=> no x in (ai,bi]

lim(ai $\leq$x $\leq$bi)=(a $\leq$x $\leq$a) => x=a in [ai,bi]

Ex
(-1/n,1/n) no x
(-1/n,1/n] no x
[-1/n,1/n] x=0
• Dec 19th 2011, 08:16 AM
xxp9
Re: Open Nests
deleted
• Dec 19th 2011, 08:21 AM
Plato
Re: Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Hartlw
Nest theorems never explain why nests have to be closed. Does this float?
Given nests (ai,bi), (ai,bi], [ai,bi] and limai=limbi=a. Assume x belongs to all intervals. Then:
lim(ai<x<bi)=(a<x<a) => no x in (ai,bi)
lim(ai<x $\leq$bi)=(a<x $\leq$a)=> no x in (ai,bi]
lim(ai $\leq$x $\leq$bi)=(a $\leq$x $\leq$a) => x=a in [ai,bi]
Ex
(-1/n,1/n) no x
(-1/n,1/n] no x
[-1/n,1/n] x=0

Actually it sinks.
The claim that $\bigcap\limits_n {\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{n},\frac{1}{n}} \right)} = \emptyset$ is false.

In fact, $\bigcap\limits_n {\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{n},\frac{1}{n}} \right)} =\bigcap\limits_n {\left[ {\frac{{ - 1}}{n},\frac{1}{n}} \right)} =\bigcap\limits_n {\left[ {\frac{{ - 1}}{n},\frac{1}{n}} \right] =\{0\}$
• Dec 19th 2011, 08:21 AM
Hartlw
Re: Open Nests
Int [-1/n,1/n] is zero. That's the closed nest theorm. Int(-1/n,1/n) and Int(-1/n,1/n] empty is not proven; in fact that's what OP attempts to prove.
• Dec 19th 2011, 08:45 AM
Hartlw
Re: Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by xxp9
Right, closed set has the property that a limit point of a series also belongs to the set.

But that doesn't prove () and (] have no common point, or that [] does. Otherwise it would be the standard, all case inclusive, proof of nest theorems.
• Dec 20th 2011, 06:24 AM
Hartlw
Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Plato is right. OP sinks. Thanks. A consideration of what went wrong leads to the following:

Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests

Given nests of intervals ai,bi = (), (], [), or [] and limlbi-ail=0 so that limai=limbi=a. When is there a point common to all intervals?

1)
limai=a but no ai=a
limbi=b but no bi=a
Then ai<a<bi, ai<a<=bi, ai<=a<bi, ai<=a<=bi and (), (], [), [] all have a common point.

2)
limai=a and ai=a, i>N
limbi=a but no bi=a
Is there an x st ai<x<bi or a<x<=bi i>N? NO. So nests (ai,bi) and (ai,bi] have no common point. But ai<=a<=bi and ai<=b<bi so [ai,bi], [ai,bi) have a common point.

3)
limai=a but no ai=a
limbi=a and bi=a, i>M
Then (ai,bi) and [ai,bi) have no common point, but [ai,bi] and (ai,bi] have a common point. Same reasoning as 2).
• Dec 20th 2011, 06:49 AM
Plato
Re: Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Hartlw
A consideration of what went wrong leads to the following:
Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Given nests of intervals ai,bi = (), (], [), or [] and limlbi-ail=0 so that limai=limbi=a. When is there a point common to all intervals?

The real difficulty with the OP is the word nests
There are cases where that concept is very general, see Kelly.
But you seem to restrict consideration to real numbers.

Saying that $\left\{ {\left( {a_n ,b_n } \right)} \right\}_n$ is a nested sequence of sets usually means that if $k then $[a_j,b_j]\subset (a_k,b_k)$.
If that is what nest means then the sequence $(a_n)$ is increasing, bounded above; the sequence $(b_n)$ is decreasing , bounded below. In both cases the sequences converge and the limit(s) belong to the common part of the nest.

QUESTION: Do you mean something different by nest?
• Dec 20th 2011, 07:17 AM
Hartlw
Re: Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Plato
The real difficulty with the OP is the word nests
There are cases where that concept is very general, see Kelly.
But you seem to restrict consideration to real numbers.

Saying that $\left\{ {\left( {a_n ,b_n } \right)} \right\}_n$ is a nested sequence of sets usually means that if $k then $(a_j,b_j)\subset (a_k,b_k)$.
If that is what nest means then the sequence $(a_n)$ is increasing, bounded above; the sequence $(b_n)$ is decreasing , bounded below. In both cases the sequences converge and the limit(s) belong to the common part of the nest.

QUESTION: Do you mean something different by nest?

I assumed familiarity with the text-book def of nests of real numbers. By a nest ai,bi I mean ai+1>=ai and bi+1<=bi, and of course ai+1,bi+1 contained in ai,bi and limlbi-ail = 0 from which it follows that ai has a glb and bi has a lub and they are equal, but that's fluff and not really relevant, whats relevant is that they have the same limit. I was very careful to distinquish all the different possibilites of convergence of differenent types of intervals which I have never seen done in textbooks and I always wondered why the intervals had to be closed and what would happen if they were'nt. That question has now been answered, for the first time as far as I know, by my previous post.

The closest any text book comes to explaining why the intervals have to be closed in order to have a common point is to give a counter example. However, as I have shown, depending on situation, open and half open intervals can also have a point in common, especially in the fairly general case where ai<a and a<bi all i when they will always have a point in common.

I didn't take the time to describe exactly with math typography what is available in any text under "nested intervals" as it would take me forever to copy it from a text. As I said, I assumed famliarity with nested intervals, and besides, I'm lousy at TEX. I'm sure you can google the classical proof of intersection of closed nested intervals.

edit: The crucial question is nests of real numbers. Nests in n-space then determine real nests of the individual coordinates.
• Dec 20th 2011, 07:30 AM
Plato
Re: Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Hartlw
The closest any text book comes to explaining why the intervals have to be closed in order to have a common point is to give a counter example.

Why not post the counter-example.
It may help to see exactly what you are asking.
Frankly, I am confused as to your actual question.

POST SCRIPT.
If you consider $\left[ {1 - \frac{1}{n},1} \right)$ to fit your description, ie
$a_n=1 - \frac{1}{n}~\&~b_n=1$ then both sequences converge to one but the intersection is empty. The limit point is not in any of the sets. So again the exact description of a nest makes a difference.
• Dec 20th 2011, 07:41 AM
Hartlw
Re: Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Plato
Why not post the counter-example.
It may help to see exactly what you are asking.
Frankly, I am confused as to your actual question.

I'm not at home, and I really don't feel like looking it up and copying it. And besides, a counter-example is irrelevant as I have carefully covered all the cases in post #6, which replaces the OP.

As for my actual question: why do std proofs that the intersection of closed intervals have to be closed never explain why other than to give a counter example?

OK, a counter example occurs to me. The nest (0,1/n) has no common point but [0,1/n] does. This case is covered in the complete theorem on nested intervals in post #6
• Dec 20th 2011, 08:00 AM
Plato
Re: Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Hartlw
OK, a counter example occurs to me. The nest (0,1/n) has no common point but [0,1/n] does. This case is covered in the complete theorem on nested intervals in post #6

In the above $\left(0, \frac{1}{n}\right)$ the limit point $0$ belongs to none of the sets. The intersection is empty.

On the other hand for $\left[0, \frac{1}{n}\right)$ the limit point $0$ belongs to ALL of the sets. So the intersection is not empty. But the sets are not closed either.

So to insure an nonempty intersection the sets in the nest must be closed. You can prove that.
• Dec 20th 2011, 08:01 AM
Hartlw
Re: Open Nests
Sorry, but I have been shut out of MHF on my home computers, and its getting crowded here at the public computers, and anyhow, I want to go home. I really thought what I did in post #6 was straight-forward and self-explanatory, assuming familiarity with the std nested interval theorem. At this point, readers will have to judge for themselves, or I will try to answer more questions the next time I come here.

I do appreciate your finding the fault with my OP.
• Dec 20th 2011, 08:11 AM
Hartlw
Re: Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Plato
In the above $\left(0, \frac{1}{n}\right)$ the limit point $0$ belongs to none of the sets. The intersection is empty.

On the other hand for $\left[0, \frac{1}{n}\right)$ the limit point $0$ belongs to ALL of the sets. So the intersection is not empty. But the sets are not closed either.

So to insure an nonempty intersection the sets in the nest must be closed. You can prove that.

That's what I just said in previous post ( I don't see the number): "OK, a counter example occurs to me. The nest (0,1/n) has no common point but [0,1/n] does." Why are you repeating it? And anyhow, the proof resides in post#6 which includes the general case.
• Dec 20th 2011, 08:23 AM
Plato
Re: Open, Closed, and Half-Open Nests
Quote:

Originally Posted by Hartlw
The nest (0,1/n) has no common point but [0,1/n] does." Why are you repeating it? And anyhow, the proof resides in post#6 which includes the general case.