Math Help - homeomorphism and projective space

1. homeomorphism and projective space

1. (1) (a) Let X be a topological space. Prove that the set Homeo(X) of home-
omorphisms f : X → X becomes a group when endowed with the binary operation f ◦ g.
(b) Let G be a subgroup of Homeo(X). Prove that the relation ‘xRG y ⇔ ∃g ∈ G such
that g(x) = y ’ is an equivalence relation.
(c) Let G and RG be as in (b), and let p : X → X/RG be the quotient map. Prove that for every U open in X , p(U ) is open in X/RG .
2.(i) Let X = Rn \ {O} , n ≥ 2 , and let G be the subgroup of Homeo(X) composed of the
maps gλ (x) = λx. Prove that X/RG is the real projective space P Rn−1 .
(ii) Prove that the graph of the relation RG described in (i) is closed.
(iii) Prove that P Rn−1 is Hausdorﬀ.

The setup in problem 1 was pretty straightforward. Could anyone give me some hints how to deal with later ones? Any input is appreciated!

2. Let H be the two-element subgroup of $\mathrm{Homeo}\,(S^{n-1})$ consisting of maps $x\mapsto x$ and $x\mapsto -x$. Then $P\,\mathbb{R}^{n-1} = S^{n-1}/R_H$ and the quotient map is $q:S^{n-1}\to S^{n-1}/R_H$. You can define continuous right inverses p' and q' to p and q respectively by chusing a representative for each equivalence class. Now define maps $f:X\to S^{n-1},\;x\mapsto \frac x{|x|}$ and $g:S^{n-1}\to X$ by inclusion and look for homeomorphisms of the form $p' \circ f \circ q$ with inverse $q'\circ g \circ p$.

3. thx

thanks for your reply. But I'm not quite sure that I understand them completely. Could you explain a bit more how to show that Rg is closed and PR^n-1 is Hausdorff?

4. Since p is open and $R_G$ is closed, it follows that the quotient $X/R_G$ is Hausdorff; see here.

Since p is open and $R_G$ is closed, it follows that the quotient $X/R_G$ is Hausdorff; see here.
From this the second problem automatically follows. Namely, since $X/R_G$ is Hausdorff and $p:X\to X/R_G$ continuous then it is clearly true that $\Gamma_p$ is closed.
Think about the mapping $p\times\text{id}:X\times R_G\to R_G\times R_Gx,y)\mapsto (p(x),y)" alt="p\times\text{id}:X\times R_G\to R_G\times R_Gx,y)\mapsto (p(x),y)" />. This is evidnently continuous and $\Gamma_p=\left(p\times\text{id}\right)^{-1}\left(\Delta_{R_G}\right)$