# Rules for p-Series Convergence

• December 1st 2006, 01:45 PM
redier
Rules for p-Series Convergence
in a p-Series does the numerator have to equal 1, or can it be other constants?

ie does sum 6/(n^3) converge?

Thank You.
• December 1st 2006, 02:11 PM
galactus
You can take the 6 outside the sum:

$6\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^{3}}$

$\int_{1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{x^{p}}=\lim_{l\to\infty }x^{-p}dx=\lim_{l\to\infty}\frac{x^{1-p}}{1-p}=\lim_{l\to\infty}\left[\frac{l^{1-p}}{1-p}-\frac{1}{1-p}\right]$

If p<1, then 1-p<0, so $l^{1-p}\rightarrow{0}$ as $l\rightarrow{+\infty}$, therefore,

the integral converges(it's value is $\frac{-1}{1-p}$) and consequently the series converges.

$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k^{3}}=1+\frac{1}{8}+\ frac{1}{27}+\frac{1}{64}+\frac{1}{125}+.........=\ sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{1}{(2k+1)^{3}}=\frac{{\pi}^{3}}{32}$

This was one of Euler's answers. Unfortunately, it led to nowhere.

What do we know today about $\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k^{3}}$?.

Little.

Maybe someone else can lend some insight.
• December 1st 2006, 02:48 PM
CaptainBlack
Quote:

Originally Posted by redier
in a p-Series does the numerator have to equal 1, or can it be other constants?

ie does sum 6/(n^3) converge?

Thank You.

To be a p-series (its a sort of synonym for the $\zeta$ function) the numerator does have to be 1, as that is the way it is defined.

$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{6}{n^3}$

does converge, but it is not a p-series (its 6 times one).

RonL
• December 2nd 2006, 01:14 PM
redier
So when I justify my work should I use the integral test or say it's a p-Series. Because no matter what the constant is in the numerator it will always converge, (as long as the p > 1) right?

I already used the integral test to justify it, but I was wondering if that would be required. It would be a lot less writing to just say p-Series and be done with it. I guess it would also depend on the teacher too, but I was wondering you opinions on the matter, and what you would make your students do if you were a teacher.
• December 2nd 2006, 02:24 PM
CaptainBlack
Quote:

Originally Posted by redier
So when I justify my work should I use the integral test or say it's a p-Series. Because no matter what the constant is in the numerator it will always converge, (as long as the p > 1) right?

I already used the integral test to justify it, but I was wondering if that would be required. It would be a lot less writing to just say p-Series and be done with it. I guess it would also depend on the teacher too, but I was wondering you opinions on the matter, and what you would make your students do if you were a teacher.

It will depend on what you are allowed to assume, so if the convergence of
p-series has been established in an earlier part of your course, then usually
you can assume it (I would also assume convergence if I had proven it in an
earlier part of the same assignment - referring back to where it was established).

RonL
• December 2nd 2006, 02:49 PM
ThePerfectHacker
Quote:

Originally Posted by galactus

$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k^{3}}=1+\frac{1}{8}+\ frac{1}{27}+\frac{1}{64}+\frac{1}{125}+.........=\ sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{1}{(2k+1)^{3}}=\frac{{\pi}^{3}}{32}$

This was one of Euler's answers. Unfortunately, it led to nowhere.

Whoa! That is absolutely not true!
Euler was succesful in evaluating the zeta function for even numbers. This is odd.

It was only recent that a mathemation was succesful in finding the exact sum of $\zeta (3)$ (which is what you did). But the problem of $\zeta (2n-1),n\geq 1$ is still open.
• December 2nd 2006, 03:06 PM
galactus
I know, PH, That's why I said it lead to nowhere. Maybe I should've elaborated more.