# Thread: Integration by reduction and by parts

1. ## Integration by reduction and by parts

I've been chipping away at these two problems for a couple days now - they're part of a much larger assignment that is due today - and I've had no luck whatsoever with them. Every time I think a lightbulb has lit up, I end up with a couple pages of work proving nothing. Here are the two questions, and if anybody has any suggestions they would be greatly appreciated.

1) I = (integral) x*(arctanx)^2dx

For this one I'm supposed to solve it in terms of x, but I've tried integrating by parts, using x=([x^2]/2)', and then in the resulting equation substituting tanu for x in the integral.
It took me from (integral) [(arctanx)x^2]/(1+x^2) dx to (integral)u(tanu)^2du but I think that restricts u to being on +/- pi/2. Either way, I didn't get any useful answer out of it.

2) I = (integral) [(x^2 + 1)^n]dx

I have to find a reduction formula for this question, but I've tried integrating by parts and trig substitution to no avail. When I integrate by parts, I just get an x with an increasing power for every repetition in the integral, and trig substitution has just been a disaster so far.

If anybody knows how I could do these without killing another forest for paper that would be great.

Thank you

2. $\text{Bear in mind that} \frac{d}{dx} \arctan(x) = \frac{1}{x^2+1}$

$= \displaystyle \int {x \arctan^2(x)\, dx}$

$= \displaystyle \bigg[\frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x)\bigg] - \int {\frac{x^2}{2} \times 2 \arctan(x) \times \frac{1}{x^2+1}\, dx}$

$= \displaystyle \bigg[\frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x)\bigg] - \int {\frac{x^2}{x^2+1} \arctan(x) \, dx}$

$= \displaystyle \bigg[\frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x)\bigg] - \int {\bigg(\frac{x^2 + 1 }{x^2+1}-\frac{1}{x^2+1}\bigg) \arctan(x) \, dx}$

$= \displaystyle \bigg[\frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x)\bigg] - \int {\bigg(1-\frac{1}{x^2+1}\bigg) \arctan(x) \, dx}$

$= \displaystyle \bigg[\frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x)\bigg] - \bigg[\bigg(x-\arctan(x)\bigg)\bigg(\arctan(x)\bigg)\bigg] - \int {\bigg(x-\arctan(x)\bigg)\frac{1}{x^2+1} \, dx}$

$= \displaystyle \bigg[\frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x)\bigg] - \bigg[\bigg(x-\arctan(x)\bigg)\bigg(\arctan(x)\bigg)\bigg] - \int {\bigg(\frac{x}{x^2+1}-\frac{\arctan(x)}{x^2+1}\bigg) \, dx}$

You now have one more application of integration to go in the last term. These two can be done by substitution by recognising that the denominator is the differential of the numerator in the first term, and in the second term you are multiply $\arctan(x)$ its derivative!

Final answer should be, after simplification:

$= \displaystyle \frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x) + \arctan^2(x) - x\arctan(x) - \frac{1}{2} \ln|x^2+1| +\frac{1}{2}\arctan^2(x) +C$

$= \displaystyle \arctan(x)\bigg(\frac{x^2}{2}+\arctan(x) - x +\frac{1}{2}\arctan(x)\bigg)- \frac{1}{2} \ln|x^2+1| +C$

$= \displaystyle \arctan(x)\bigg(\frac{x^2}{2} - x +\frac{3}{2}\arctan(x)\bigg)- \frac{1}{2} \ln|x^2+1| +C$

3. 1)

$\int x\arctan^2xdx=\int\left(\frac{x^2}{2}\right)'\arct an^2xdx=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}\arctan^2x-\int \arctan x\frac{x^2}{x^2+1}dx=\frac{x^2}{2}\arctan^2x-\int\arctan x\frac{x^2+1-1}{x^2+1}dx=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}\arctan^2x-\int\arctan xdx+\int\arctan x\frac{1}{x^2+1}dx=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}\arctan^2x-\int x'\arctan xdx+\frac{\arctan^2x}{2}=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}\arctan^2x+\frac{\arctan^2x}{2}-x\arctan x+\int\frac{x}{x^2+1}dx=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}\arctan^2x+\frac{\arctan^2x}{2}-x\arctan x+\frac{1}{2}\ln (x^2+1)+C$

EDIT: You're right, Mush. I've edited.

4. 2)

$I_n=\int(x^2+1)^ndx=\int(x^2+1)^{n-1}(x^2+1)dx=$

$=\int(x^2+1)^{n-1}\cdot x^2dx+I_{n-1}=\frac{1}{2n}\int x((x^2+1)^n)'dx+I_{n-1}=$

$=\frac{1}{2n}x(x^2+1)^n-\frac{1}{2n}I_n+I_{n-1}$

Then, $I_n=\frac{x(x^2+1)^n}{2n+1}+\frac{2n}{2n+1}I_{n-1}$

5. Originally Posted by red_dog
1)

$\int x\arctan^2xdx=\int\left(\frac{x^2}{2}\right)'\arct an^2xdx=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}\arctan^2x-\int \arctan x\frac{x^2}{x^2+1}dx=\frac{x^2}{2}-\int\arctan x\frac{x^2+1-1}{x^2+1}dx=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}-\int\arctan xdx+\int\arctan x\frac{1}{x^2+1}dx=\frac{x^2}{2}-\int x'\arctan xdx+\frac{\arctan^2x}{2}=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{\arctan^2x}{2}-x\arctan x+\int\frac{x}{x^2+1}dx=$

$=\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{\arctan^2x}{2}-x\arctan x+\frac{1}{2}\ln (x^2+1)+C$
I believe the first term of your result should be multiplied by $\arctan^2(x)$.

6. Hello, bnay!

I think I've solved the first one . . .

$1)\;\;I \:=\:\int x\cdot(\arctan x)^2\cdot dx$

Let: $\theta \:=\:\arctan x \quad\Rightarrow\quad x \:=\:\tan\theta \quad\Rightarrow\quad dx \:=\:\sec^2\!\theta\,d\theta$

Substitute: . $\int\tan\theta\cdot \theta^2\cdot(\sec^2\!\theta\,d\theta) \;=\;\int\theta^2\cdot(\tan\theta\sec^2\theta\,d\t heta)$

. . By parts: . $\begin{array}{ccccccc}u &=& \theta^2 & & dv &=&\tan\theta\sec^2\!\theta\,d\theta \\ du &=& 2\theta\,d\theta & & v &=&\frac{1}{2}\tan^2\!\theta \end{array}$

We have: . $I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^2\tan^2\!\theta - \int\theta\tan^2\!\theta\,d\theta$

. . By parts: . $\begin{array}{ccccccc}u &=& \theta & & dv &=&\tan^2\!\theta\,d\theta \\
du &=& d\theta && v &=& \tan\theta - \theta\end{array}$
.*

We have: . $I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^2\tan^2\theta - \bigg[\theta(\tan\theta - \theta) - \int (\tan\theta - \theta)\,d\theta$

. . . . . . . . $I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^2\tan^2\!\theta - \theta(\tan\theta-\theta) + \int(\tan\theta - \theta)\,d\theta$

. . . . . . . . $I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^2\tan^2\!\theta - \theta\tan\theta + \theta^2 - \ln(\cos\theta) -\frac{1}{2}\theta^2 + C$

. . . . . . . . $I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}\theta^2\tan^2\theta - \theta\tan\theta + \tfrac{1}{2}\theta^2 - \ln(\cos\theta) + C$

Back-substitote: . $\theta \,=\,\arctan x$

$I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}(\arctan x)^2\left[\tan(\arctan x)\right]^2 - (\arctan x)[\tan(\arctan x)]$ $+ \tfrac{1}{2}(\arctan x)^2 - \ln|\cos(\arctan x)| + C$

$I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}(\arctan x)^2\cdot x^2 - (\arctan x)\cdot x + \tfrac{1}{2}(\arctan x)^2 + \tfrac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$ .**

$\boxed{I \;=\;\tfrac{1}{2}x^2(\arctan x)^2 - x\arctan x + \tfrac{1}{2}(\arctan x)^2 + \tfrac{1}{2}\ln(1+ x^2) + C}$

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

* . $\int\tan^2\!\theta\,d\theta \:=\:\int(\sec^2\!\theta-1)\,d\theta \:=\:\tan\theta - \theta$

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

** . We have: . $\ln|\cos(\arctan x)|$ .[1]

Then: . $\alpha\:=\:\arctan x \quad\Rightarrow\quad \tan\alpha \:=\:\frac{x}{1} \:=\:\frac{opp}{adj}$

So $\alpha$ is in a right triangle with: . $opp = x,\;adj = 1$
Using Pythagorus, we have: . $hyp \:=\:\sqrt{1+x^2}$
Hence: . $\cos\alpha \:=\:\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}$

Then [1] becomes: . $\ln\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\right)\;=\;\ln\lef t(1+x^2\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}} \;=\;-\tfrac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2)$

I need a nap . . .
.

7. Originally Posted by Mush
$
= \displaystyle \frac{x^2}{2} \arctan^2(x) + \arctan^2(x) - x\arctan(x) - \frac{1}{2} \ln|x^2+1| +\frac{1}{2}\arctan(x) +C
$
The last term is $\frac{1}{2}\arctan^2(x)$.

8. Originally Posted by courteous
The last term is $\frac{1}{2}\arctan^2(x)$.
Indeed! That's the kind of mistakes you make when you manipulate things mentally.

9. Thank you all very much. This was all very helpful, and for some reason I never thought of adding 1 and subtracting it (but I think 5 hours of math will do that, lol0