# Math Help - Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

1. ## Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Hi all,

I have a few integrals that I have been asked to evaluate using integration by substitution. I have never came across anything like this before.

For example;

Integrate (1+sinx)/cosx by integration.

Is it possible. I know how to integrate other forms of integrals by substitution for example involving x's.

Thanks.

2. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Looks like I am getting some where.

Let u = 1+sinx, du/dx = cosx, du = cosxdx

I am supposed to write everything in terms of u. But to replace cosxdx the other cosx to replace is a fraction of 1/cosx

3. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Originally Posted by Googl
Hi all,

I have a few integrals that I have been asked to evaluate using integration by substitution. I have never came across anything like this before.

For example;

Integrate (1+sinx)/cosx by integration.

Is it possible. I know why integrate other forms of integrals by substitution for example involving x's.

Thanks.
Dear Googl,

Substitute, $\sin x=u$

4. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Spoiler:
\begin{aligned}\int \frac{1+\sin{x}}{\cos{x}}\;{dx} = -\int \frac{\cos \left (\frac{x}{2} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right )}{\sin \left ( \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right )}\;{dx} = -2\int \frac{\left[\sin \left (\frac{x}{2} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right )\right]'}{\sin \left ( \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right )}\;{dx} = \ln\bigg| \csc^2\left ( \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right )\bigg|+\mathcal{C}.\end{aligned}

5. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Originally Posted by Googl
Hi all,

I have a few integrals that I have been asked to evaluate using integration by substitution. I have never came across anything like this before.

For example;

Integrate (1+sinx)/cosx by integration.

Is it possible. I know why integrate other forms of integrals by substitution for example involving x's.

Thanks.
\displaystyle \begin{align*} \int{\frac{1 + \sin{x}}{\cos{x}}\,dx} &= \int{\frac{(1 + \sin{x})(1 - \sin{x})}{\cos{x}(1 - \sin{x})}\,dx} \\ &= \int{\frac{1 - \sin^2{x}}{\cos{x}(1 - \sin{x})}\,dx} \\ &= \int{\frac{\cos^2{x}}{\cos{x}(1 - \sin{x})}\,dx} \\ &= \int{\frac{\cos{x}}{1 - \sin{x}}\,dx} \\ &= -\int{\frac{-\cos{x}}{1 - \sin{x}}\,dx} \\ &= -\int{\frac{1}{u}\,du}\textrm{ after making the substitution }u = 1 - \sin{x} \implies du = -\cos{x}\,dx\end{align*}

I'm sure you can go from here...

6. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Originally Posted by Sudharaka
Dear Googl,

Substitute, $\sin x=u$
Could you continue a bit further. The problem is that du results in cosxdx.

7. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Originally Posted by Prove It
\displaystyle \begin{align*} \int{\frac{1 + \sin{x}}{\cos{x}}\,dx} &= \int{\frac{(1 + \sin{x})(1 - \sin{x})}{\cos{x}(1 - \sin{x})}\,dx} \\ &= \int{\frac{1 - \sin^2{x}}{\cos{x}(1 - \sin{x})}\,dx} \\ &= \int{\frac{\cos^2{x}}{\cos{x}(1 - \sin{x})}\,dx} \\ &= \int{\frac{\cos{x}}{1 - \sin{x}}\,dx} \\ &= -\int{\frac{-\cos{x}}{1 - \sin{x}}\,dx} \\ &= -\int{\frac{1}{u}\,du}\textrm{ after making the substitution }u = 1 - \sin{x} \implies du = -\cos{x}\,dx\end{align*}

I'm sure you can go from here...
Why did you multiply by (1 - sinx) at the beginning?

8. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Originally Posted by Googl
Could you continue a bit further. The problem is that du results in cosxdx.
Dear Googl,

$\sin x=u\Rightarrow \cos x=\sqrt{1-u^2}$

$du=\cos x~dx=\sqrt{1-u^2}~dx\Rightarrow dx=\frac{du}{\sqrt{1-u^2}}$

${\int\frac{1+sin x}{\cos x}=\int\frac{1+u}{\sqrt{1-u^2}}\frac{du}{\sqrt{1-u^2}}=\int\frac{du}{1-u}=-\ln|u-1|+C=-\ln|\sin x-1|+C}$

9. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Originally Posted by Googl
Looks like I am getting some where.

Let u = 1+sinx, du/dx = cosx, du = cosxdx

I am supposed to write everything in terms of u. But to replace cosxdx the other cosx to replace is a fraction of 1/cosx
Your substitution can also be used. Try to write cos x in terms of u and substitute it as I had done in my previous post. Hope you can continue.

10. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

Originally Posted by Googl
Why did you multiply by (1 - sinx) at the beginning?
Because it's easier to make sure you have a single sine or cosine in the numerator, so that it can become part of your $\displaystyle du$...

11. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

I will think through your examples and get back to you.

Thanks.

12. ## Re: Integrating Cosine and sine integrals by substitution

straight-forward integration ...

$\int \frac{1+\sin{x}}{\cos{x}} \, dx =$

$\int \sec{x} + \tan{x} \, dx =$

$\ln|\sec{x}+\tan{x}| - \ln|\cos{x}| + C = \ln \left|\frac{1}{1-\sin{x}} \right| + C$