Integration Question

**iPod** · June 8th 2011, 01:06 PM

How do you integrate an equation in the form of

$\int$ $\sqrt{x^2+a^2}$ $dx$

**TKHunny** · June 8th 2011, 01:24 PM

Various ways to go about it. A nice tangent substitution appears to be called for at first glance. What have you tried?

**iPod** · June 8th 2011, 01:31 PM

I was actually using cos and sin, but i didnt get anywhere. I dont see how I can use tan

**TKHunny** · June 8th 2011, 01:35 PM

$x = a\cdot\tan(\theta)$ ?

Of course, this might lead to [sec(x)]^3 and give you other problems, but it could result in something useful.

**Croat** · June 8th 2011, 01:37 PM

There are three ways, known to me, anyway.
First you can substitute $x=a \tan t$ .
The second way is $t=a \sinh t$ .

And the third would be to rewrite this and use a special rule for integrals of this type:
$\int \frac{P_n(X)}{\sqrt{ax^2+bx+c}}\,dx=Q_{n-1}(x)\sqrt{ax^2+bx+c}+\lambda \int \frac{\,dx}{\sqrt{ax^2+bx+c}}$
Note that Q is a polynomial with unknown coefficients in X and is for one degree smaller than the degree of P. Lambda is also unknown so you actually have the same amount of unknowns as the degree of the polynomial. Although the last way might seem complicated I think it's quite easy so I'll demonstrate it and recommend to you that you try any other way (maybe the 2.?).

Anyway, rewrite:
$\int \sqrt{x^2+a^2}\,dx=\int \frac{x^2+a^2}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}\,dx$
Now you actually have an integral of the type I mentioned. Set it equal to the right side:
$\int \frac{x^2+a^2}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}\,dx=(Ax+B)\sqrt{x^2 +a^2}+\lambda \int \frac{\,dx}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}$
Differentiate both sides, and solve for A, B, lambda:
$\frac{x^2+a^2}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}=A\sqrt{x^2+a^2}+(Ax +B)\frac{x}{x^2+a^2}+\frac{\lambda }{x^2+a^2}$
$x^2+a^2=Ax^2+Aa^2+Ax^2+Bx+\lambda$
So now we have:
$A=\frac{1}{2}$
$B=0$
$\lambda =\frac{a^2}{2}$
So our integral is actually equal to:
$\int \sqrt{a^2+x^2}\,dx=\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2+a^2}+\frac {a^2}{2}\int\frac{\,dx}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}$
$\int \sqrt{a^2+x^2}\,dx=\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2+a^2}+\frac {a^2}{2} \ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+a^2})+C$

Well, that's my preferred way...
Recommended substitution is the hyperbolic sine. Good luck.
EDIT: Also noted you can do this with partial integration... I really love how many ways there are to integrals

.

**TheCoffeeMachine** · June 8th 2011, 02:14 PM

$\begin{aligned}\displaystyle I & = \int(x)'\sqrt{a^2+x^2}\;{dx} \\ & = x\sqrt{a^2+x^2}-\int{x}\left(\sqrt{a^2+x^2}\right)'\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2+x^2}-\int \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{a^2+x^2}}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2+x^2}-\int \frac{(a^2+x^2)-a^2}{\sqrt{a^2+x^2}}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2+x^2}-\int \frac{a^2+x^2}{\sqrt{a^2+x^2}}\;{dx}+\int \frac{a^2}{\sqrt{a^2+x^2}}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2+x^2}-\int {\sqrt{a^2+x^2}\;{dx}+\int \frac{a^2}{\sqrt{a^2+x^2}}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2+x^2}-I+a^2\sinh^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right) \\ & = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{a^2+x^2}+\frac{a^2}{2}\sinh^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)+k. \end{aligned}$

**tom@ballooncalculus** · June 9th 2011, 04:59 AM

Originally Posted by Croat

Recommended substitution is the hyperbolic sine. Good luck.

Just in case a picture helps...

First, noticing that

$\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}$

looks vaguely Pythagorean, we factor out the a^2...

... and, yes, we can see that substituting tan or else sinh for x/a would allow some kind of Pythag. Hang on, though - the reason the sub is useful is the chain rule...

... where (key in spoiler) ...

Spoiler:

So we're going to integrate up the straight dashed line, i.e. with respect to the dashed balloon. But to make sure that doing that is the same as integrating the original with respect to x, we have to take account of the derivative of the inner function...

... just as the chain rule demands. Now, though, we can indeed remove the inner function (apply lubricant and turn carefully anti-clockwise, and the whole thing should come out)...

... and replace with sinh...

... which we had a hunch would be useful. And now we can see why - the hyperbolic counterpart of Pythag gives us cosh squared, which we can integrate with respect to theta.

But then we know F (as soon as we've re-expressed the function of theta as a function of sinh x) and F is a function of the dashed balloon, and doesn't care what's inside. So we can remove the inner function (i.e. sinh) again, and replace the original (x/a).

Spoiler:

_________________________________________

Don't integrate - balloontegrate!

Balloon Calculus; standard integrals, derivatives and methods

Balloon Calculus Drawing with LaTeX and Asymptote!

**Prove It** · June 9th 2011, 05:24 AM

Originally Posted by iPod

How do you integrate an equation in the form of

$\int$ $\sqrt{x^2+a^2}$ $dx$

I would use a hyperbolic substitution, because $\displaystyle \cosh^2{t} - \sinh^2{t} = 1 \implies \sinh^2{t} + 1 = \cosh^2{t}$ , and hyperbolic integrals are often easier than trigonometric...

Anyway, after making the substitution $\displaystyle x = a\sinh{t} \implies dx = a\cosh{t}\,dt$ the integral $\displaystyle \int{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\,dx}$ becomes

$\displaystyle \begin{align*} \int{\sqrt{(a\sinh{t})^2 + a^2}\,a\cosh{t}\,dt} &= a\int{\sqrt{a^2\sinh^2{t} + a^2}\cosh{t}\,dt} \\ &= a\int{\sqrt{a^2(\sinh^2{t} + 1)}\,\cosh{t}\,dt} \\ &= a\int{a\sqrt{\cosh^2{t}}\,\cosh{t}\,dt} \\ &= a^2\int{\cosh{t}\,\cosh{t}\,dt} \\ &= a^2\int{\cosh^2{t}\,dt} \\ &= a^2\int{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\cosh{2t}\,dt} \\ &= a^2\left(\frac{1}{2}t + \frac{1}{4}\sinh{2t}\right) + C \\ &= a^2\left(\frac{1}{2}t + \frac{1}{2}\sinh{t}\sqrt{1 + \sinh^2{t}}\right) +C \\ &= a^2\left[\frac{1}{2}\sinh^{-1}{\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)} + \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)\sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{x}{a}\right)^2}\right]+ C \\ &= a^2\left[\frac{1}{2}\sinh^{-1}{\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)} + \frac{x}{2a}\sqrt{\frac{a^2 + x^2}{a^2}}\right] + C \\ &= a^2\left[\frac{1}{2}\sinh^{-1}{\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)} + \frac{x\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}}{2a^2} \right]+ C \\ &= \frac{a^2}{2}\sinh^{-1}{\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)} + \frac{x\sqrt{a^2+ x^2}}{2} + C\end{align*}$

**TheCoffeeMachine** · June 9th 2011, 07:36 AM

Just for reference then, let's do this one too:

$\begin{aligned}\displaystyle I & = \int(x)'\sqrt{a^2-x^2}\;{dx} \\ & = x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}-\int{x}\left(\sqrt{a^2-x^2}\right)'\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+\int \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+\int \frac{a^2-(a^2-x^2)}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+\int \frac{a^2}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\;{dx}-\int \frac{a^2-x^2}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+a^2\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\;{dx}-\int \sqrt{a^2-x^2}\;{dx}\\ & = x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+a^2\sin^{-1}\frac{x}{a}\;{dx}-I\\ & \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned}\therefore \space & 2I = x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+a^2\sin^{-1}\frac{x}{a}\;{dx}+k \\& \therefore I = \frac{1}{2}\left(x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+a^2\sin^{-1}\frac{x}{a}\right)+k. \end{aligned}$

Isn't it wonderful that I can use the [tex] [/MATH] tags! Magic!

**iPod** · June 9th 2011, 01:32 PM

Sorry, i had posted a reply earlier on but my internet had crashed. I had successfully managed to integrate it, using x=sinh(t)
so i presume that integrating sqrt(x^2-a^2) requires the use of x=cosh(t) ?
and what about sqrt(a^2-x^2)??

**TKHunny** · June 9th 2011, 07:31 PM

Originally Posted by iPod

requires

No. As I said in the first place, there are various ways to go about it.

Originally Posted by iPod

sqrt(a^2 - x^2)

Why ask when you can explore? What do you think? Is this one easier or harder? Is hyperbolic trig warranted or maybe just $x = a\cdot\sin(\theta)$ ?

**iPod** · June 9th 2011, 07:39 PM

ah true say.

for $\sqrt{a^2-x^2}$
i presume x=asin(t)
would be a nice one since we get nice and easy trig stuff..

**iPod** · June 9th 2011, 07:41 PM

ended up integrating a^2 cos^2(x), which is a^2*(1-2sin(t/2)).. worked out perfectly

**TKHunny** · June 10th 2011, 03:42 AM

Very good. Way to be up to it!

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