Integration help, how do you do this?

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January 16th 2011, 05:32 AM
adam_leeds

Integration help, how do you do this?

http://i54.tinypic.com/2zzqiqt.jpg

Why does C3(t) = that?
January 16th 2011, 05:34 AM
Prove It

So hard to read ><

Is it $\displaystyle C_3'(t) + 9C_3(t) = e^{-t}$ ?

If so, it's first order linear, so use the Integrating Factor method.
January 16th 2011, 05:38 AM
adam_leeds

Quote:

Originally Posted by Prove It

So hard to read ><

Is it $\displaystyle C_3'(t) + 9C_3(t) = e^{-t}$ ?

If so, it's first order linear, so use the Integrating Factor method.

Yes it is, whats the integrating factor method?
January 16th 2011, 05:42 AM
Prove It

I find it hard to believe that you've been given a first order linear ODE without knowing what the Integrating Factor method is.

Do you at least know about Separation of Variables?
January 16th 2011, 05:45 AM
adam_leeds

Quote:

Originally Posted by Prove It

I find it hard to believe that you've been given a first order linear ODE without knowing what the Integrating Factor method is.

Do you at least know about Separation of Variables?

Yeah
January 16th 2011, 05:54 AM
adam_leeds

Quote:

Originally Posted by Prove It

I find it hard to believe that you've been given a first order linear ODE without knowing what the Integrating Factor method is.

Do you at least know about Separation of Variables?

I get $1/8Ae^-t$ :(
January 16th 2011, 06:07 AM
Prove It

OK, then read very carefully, for I will post this only once...

To understand the Integrating Factor method, you need to have a basic idea of the Product Rule, i.e. if $\displaystyle u,v$ are functions of $\displaystyle x$ , then $\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}[u\,v] = u\,\frac{dv}{dx} + v\,\frac{du}{dx}$ .

Now examine a general first-order linear ODE:

$\displaystyle \frac{dy}{dx} + P(x)\,y = Q(x)$ .

What we aim to do is to multiply both sides of the DE by some function of $\displaystyle x$ , call it $\displaystyle I(x)$ , so that the LHS is a Product-Rule expansion, which can then be written as a derivative, and therefore be integrated. BTW $\displaystyle I(x)$ is known as the Integrating Factor (hence the name of the method)

So multiplying both sides by $\displaystyle I(x)$ gives

$\displaystyle I(x)\,\frac{dy}{dx} + I(x)P(x)\,y = I(x)Q(x)$ .

The LHS will be a Product Rule expansion if $\displaystyle I(x)P(x) = \frac{dI}{dx}$ (Can you see why?)

This is a separable ODE, so solving for $\displaystyle I$ we have

$\displaystyle P(x) = \frac{1}{I}\,\frac{dI}{dx}$

$\displaystyle \int{P(x)\,dx} = \int{\frac{1}{I}\,\frac{dI}{dx}\,dx}$

$\displaystyle \int{P(x)\,dx} = \int{\frac{1}{I}\,dI}$

$\displaystyle \int{P(x)\,dx} = \ln{I}$ (You can omit modulus signs and constants because any scalar multiple of the Integrating Factor will do)

$\displaystyle I = e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}$ .

So, if we multiply both sides of a first-order linear ODE by $\displaystyle e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}$ , we create a Product Rule expansion on the LHS which we can write as a single derivative and integrate both sides. Watch what happens...

$\displaystyle e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,\frac{dy}{dx} + e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,P(x)\,y = e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,Q(x)$

$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}(e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,y) = e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,Q(x)$

$\displaystyle e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,y = \int{e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,Q(x)\,dx}$

$\displaystyle y = e^{-\int{P(x)\,dx}}\int{e^{\int{P(x)\,dx}}\,Q(x)\,dx}$

which solves the ODE.

Looks complicated in theory, in practice, extremely easy. Look at your problem...

$\displaystyle \frac{dC}{dt} + 9C = e^{-t}$ .

Here your $\displaystyle P(x) = 9$ , so the Integrating Factor is $\displaystyle e^{\int{9\,dt}} = e^{9t}$ .

Multiplying both sides by the Integrating Factor gives

$\displaystyle e^{9t}\,\frac{dC}{dt} + 9e^{9t}C = e^{8t}$

$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}(e^{9t}C) = e^{8t}$

$\displaystyle e^{9t}C = \int{e^{8t}\,dt}$

$\displaystyle e^{9t}C = \frac{1}{8}e^{8t} + c$ where $\displaystyle c$ is the Integration Constant

$\displaystyle C = \frac{1}{8}e^{-t} + ce^{-9t}$ .
January 16th 2011, 06:11 AM
adam_leeds

Quote:

Originally Posted by Prove It

Looks complicated in theory, in practice, extremely easy. Look at your problem...

$\displaystyle \frac{dC}{dt} + 9C = e^{-t}$ .

Here your $\displaystyle P(x) = 9$ , so the Integrating Factor is $\displaystyle e^{\int{9\,dt}} = e^{9t}$ .

Multiplying both sides by the Integrating Factor gives

$\displaystyle e^{9t}\,\frac{dC}{dt} + 9e^{9t}C = e^{8t}$

$\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}(e^{9t}C) = e^{8t}$

$\displaystyle e^{9t}C = \int{e^{8t}\,dt}$

$\displaystyle e^{9t}C = \frac{1}{8}e^{8t} + c$ where $\displaystyle c$ is the Integration Constant

$\displaystyle C = \frac{1}{8}e^{-t} + ce^{-9t}$ .

Thanks i understand how you have got this and have done this for myself. But how does this equal $Ae^{-t}$
January 16th 2011, 06:27 AM
HallsofIvy

It doesn't. You must have misunderstood the question. $Ae^{-t}$ is a solution to that equation only for $A= 1/8$ . Since you have NOT taken a course in differential equations, I suspect you were NOT intended to actually solve that equation. I suspect that the problem was really "Find a value of A such that $C_3(t)= Ae^{-t}$ satisfies the equaton $C_3'(t)+ 9C_3(t)= e^{-t}$ ".

And you can do that just by differentiating the given function and plugging into the equation: if $C_3(t)= Ae^{-t}$ then $C_3'(t)= -Ae^{-t}$ so the equation becomes $-Ae^{-t}+ 9Ae^{-t}= e^{-t}$ . That is the same as $8Ae^{-t}= e^{-t}$ and since an exponential is never negative, we can divide both sides of the equation by $e^{-t}$ to get $8A= 1$ or $A= \frac{1}{8}$ .