# Math Help - expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

1. ## expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

I want to expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3. I can expand e^2x but I am then lost.

2. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Originally Posted by Stuck Man
I want to expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3. I can expand e^2x but I am then lost.
just expand $e^{2x}$ out as you have and do the polynomial division. Keep going until you have the $x^3$ term.

3. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Every term that I expand to e.g 2x^6 from e^2x will add something to the low power terms. If the question said divide by 2x it would be easy.

4. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

I have started to do this question using MacLaurin's series. The question was not appropriate for the book its in.

5. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Originally Posted by Stuck Man
I have started to do this question using MacLaurin's series. The question was not appropriate for the book its in.
what you could do is let

$u=2x+1 \Rightarrow 2x=u-1$

then

$e^{2x}=e^{u-1}=\frac{1}{e}e^u \Rightarrow$

$\frac{e^{2x}}{2x+1}=\frac{\frac{1}{e}e^u}{u}$

$\frac{\frac{1}{e}e^u}{u}=\frac{1}{e}\left(\frac{1+ u+\frac{u^2}{2}+\frac{u^3}{6}+\frac{u^4}{24}...}{u }\right)=$

$\frac{1}{e}\left(\frac{1}{u}+1+\frac{u}{2}+\frac{u ^2}{6}+\frac{u^3}{24}...}\right)$

and just substitute $u=2x+1$ in the expression above.

6. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Here is another method:

$\dfrac{e^{2x}}{2x+1} = e^{2x}\dfrac{1}{1-(-2x)} = \left( \sum_{n\ge 0} \dfrac{(2x)^n}{n!} \right) \left( \sum_{n\ge 0}(-2x)^n \right)$

So, you have the product of two infinite series. You want to multiply out:

\begin{align*} & (2x)^0\cdot (-2x)^0 + (2x)^0\cdot (-2x)^1 + (2x)^0\cdot (-2x)^2 + (2x)^0\cdot (-2x)^3 + \cdots \\ + & (2x)^1\cdot (-2x)^0 + (2x)^1\cdot (-2x)^1 + (2x)^1\cdot (-2x)^2 + \cdots \\ + & \dfrac{(2x)^2}{2}(-2x)^0 + \dfrac{(2x)^2}{2}(-2x)^1 + \cdots \\ + & \dfrac{(2x)^3}{3!}(-2x)^0 + \cdots \end{align*}

Those are all of the terms with the power of $x$ less than or equal to 3.

Another way to write this:

$\sum_{n\ge 0} \left( \sum_{k = 0}^n \dfrac{(-1)^{n-k}}{k!} \right) (2x)^n$

7. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Oh, thinking about it, $\sum_{k=0}^n \dfrac{(-1)^{n-k}}{k!} = (-1)^n\dfrac{!n}{n!}$ where $!n$ is the number of derangements of an $n$ element set. So, you can write it:

$\dfrac{e^{2x}}{2x+1} = \sum_{n\ge 0}(-2)^n\dfrac{!n}{n!}x^n$

8. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

first time I've ever seen !n... learn something new every day

9. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Originally Posted by romsek
first time I've ever seen !n... learn something new every day
It is also called subfactorial (link).

10. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

The substitution method doesn't work for the same reason as with what I first tried. I have used the method given by SlipEternal but the combined sigma notation at the end I don't know how to obtain. I haven't seen subfactorial before so I won't be looking at the last one.

11. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Originally Posted by Stuck Man
The substitution method doesn't work for the same reason as with what I first tried. I have used the method given by SlipEternal but the combined sigma notation at the end I don't know how to obtain. I haven't seen subfactorial before so I won't be looking at the last one.
All I did was apply the multinomial theorem. If you are working with the product of two infinite series, this should be well-known:

$\left(\sum_{n\ge 0}a_n x^n \right) \left(\sum_{n\ge 0} b_n x^n \right) = \sum_{n\ge 0} \left(\sum_{k=0}^n a_k b_{n-k} \right) x^n$

So, applying that to the product of infinite series I gave you, you get the solution I provided (the double summation at the end of post #6).

Btw, Wolframalpha can compute the subfactorial, so if you want to check your answer: link. In the link I offered for subfactorial, it actually states that the exponential generating function is $\dfrac{e^{-x}}{1-x}$, so plugging in $-2x$, you get the same expansion I offered, so this is a correct solution.

12. ## Re: expand (e^2x)/(2x+1) up to x^3

Originally Posted by Stuck Man
The substitution method doesn't work for the same reason as with what I first tried. I have used the method given by SlipEternal but the combined sigma notation at the end I don't know how to obtain. I haven't seen subfactorial before so I won't be looking at the last one.
well... if all else fails you can always find the Taylor series about 0.

If you take the derivatives of $f(x)=\frac{e^{2x}}{2x+1}$ and let $x=0$

and form $f(x)=\frac{e^{2x}}{2x+1} \approx \displaystyle{\sum_{k=0}^3 \frac{f^{(k)}(0)}{k!}x^k$

you find

$\frac{e^{2x}}{2x+1}\approx 1+2 x^2 - \frac{8}{3}x^3 + ...$

This is identical to it's MacLaurin series.