After going through all the painstaking proofs, I have finally come to this step:
If we denote z as, we can scale the above formula to the standard normal curve:
When we calculate the area under 2 points on the z-axis, say, A to B, we do :
But why is the integral given as:
What happens to the "npq" term?
Please help to alleviate my doubt if you can. Thanks!


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