# Math Help - probability

1. ## probability

How do you show $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda$? We know that $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} \lambda \ p(\lambda) \ d \lambda$. In other words, $P(X > \lambda)$ controls all the moments.

2. Try integration by parts, noting that $P(X > \lambda) = 1 - F(\lambda)$ where F is the CDF. Also, I think you are missing an assumption on the support of $X$.

3. Originally Posted by Sampras
How do you show $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda$? We know that $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} \lambda \ p(\lambda) \ d \lambda$. In other words, $P(X > \lambda)$ controls all the moments.
That statement isn't true unless $\lambda$ is a nonnegative random variable.

Did you really mean to prove the following:

$E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda - \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X \leq -\lambda) \ d \lambda$

4. $X$ is non-negative.

So we know that $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} \lambda p(\lambda) \ d \lambda$. Let $u = \lambda$ and $dv = p(\lambda) \ d \lambda$. Then $du = 1$ and $v = P(X \leq \lambda)$. So

$E(X) = \lambda P(X \leq \lambda)- P(X \leq \lambda)$

$= \lambda P(X \leq \lambda)- E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X \leq \lambda) \ d \lambda$

$= \lambda P(X \leq \lambda)- E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} 1-P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda$

$= \lambda P(X \leq \lambda)- E(X) = \lambda- \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda$

So we have:

$\int_{0}^{\infty} P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda = E(X)-\lambda [\underbrace{P(X \leq \lambda)-1}_{0}]$

and so the result follows. Is this correct?

5. Or more generally, one can show that $E(X^p) = p \int_{0}^{\infty} \lambda^{p-1} P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda$ using induction on $p$? One could use Markov's inequality: $P(X \geq \lambda) \leq \frac{E(X)}{\lambda}$?

6. Originally Posted by Sampras
$X$ is non-negative.

So we know that $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} \lambda p(\lambda) \ d \lambda$. Let $u = \lambda$ and $dv = p(\lambda) \ d \lambda$. Then $du = 1$ and $v = P(X \leq \lambda)$. So

$E(X) = \lambda P(X \leq \lambda)- P(X \leq \lambda)$

Unfortunately integrating by parts won't help much here because were evaluating a definite integral. Your first line would actually be this:

$E(X) = \infty - \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X \leq \lambda)$

which is obviously no good.

I don't know the answer off the top of my head. I'll post back if I have any useful hints.

7. Originally Posted by Sampras
How do you show $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} P(X > \lambda) \ d \lambda$? We know that $E(X) = \int_{0}^{\infty} \lambda \ p(\lambda) \ d \lambda$. In other words, $P(X > \lambda)$ controls all the moments.
Hint:

$\int_0^\infty P(X > \lambda) \, d\lambda = \int_0^\infty \int_\lambda^\infty f(x) \,dx \, d\lambda$

Now interchange the order of integration in the double integral.