It's a pity Herstein didn't explain.
Hi:
Herstein, in his book Topics in Algebra, 2nd edition,
states as theorem 2.7.1: Let phi be a homomorphism of G
onto G' with kernel K. Then G/K isomorphic with G'.
[G, G' are groups and phi is group homomorphism.]
Then he comments: Theorem 2.7.1 is important, for it
tells us precisely what groups can be expected to arise
as homomorphic images of a given group. These must be
expressible in the form G/K, where K is normal in G [G
normal because it's the kernel of phi]. But by lemma
2.7.1, for any normal subgroup N of G, G/N is a
homomorphic image of G [Of course]. Thus there is a
one-to-one correspondence between homomorphic images of
G and normal subgroups of G.
O.K. He does not bother to give a formal proof of the
existence of the one-to-one correspondence. I've tried hard to find one, and have even recoursed to the Schroder-Berstein theorem but in vain.
If the above one-to-one correspondence exists then there must be a bijection from the set of normal subgroups of G to the set of homomorphic images of G. And therefore either one must produce one such bijection or otherwise prove the existence by some other means.
Because of the fundamental importance of theorem 2.7.1, I have always been frustrated at my not being able to understand Herstain's remark. Any hint will be welcome. Regards.
